A NOVA 400 atomic absorption spectrometer (Ana, 4.0 mA (zinc); 422.7 nm, 1.2 nm, 4.0 mA (calcium, 0.8 nm, 3.0 mA (sodium); 248.3 m, 0.2 nm, 6.0 mA (ir, for Windows. Choi, M.; Scholl, U.I. The present study inferred that, source of protein and energy as well as micronut, America, is now pantropic in distribution and is, (Philippines), silverbush, man-to-man, pepper elder, (Indonesia), usuba sunakosho (Japan), alumbre or, toyakandha or varshabhoo (India), pépéromie or, (Bangladesh). Data were reported as mean of triplicates. Find calories, carbs, and nutritional contents for generic peperomia-pellucida and over 2,000,000 other foods at MyFitnessPal.com. on) and 766.5 nm, 0.8 nm, 4.0 mA (potassium). ...Pansit-pansitan has taken its niche in the folkloric herbal medicine providing health benefits for gout, arthritis and other inflammatory conditions. Peperomia pellucida atau disebut pansit ini dapat memberikan manfaat memberikan manfaat kesehatan untuk gout , radang sendi dan kondisi peradangan lainnya. This study presented the nutritional profile and functional properties of C. intricatum, which make it a good alternative source of compounds possessing diverse bioactivities with prospective usage in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). Altitude: 4500 ft. The most constituents found in the oil of P. circinnata var. In this research, the potency of eleven endophytic fungi extracts associated with several medicinal plants and actinomycetes from rhizosphere soil of Magnolia singapurensis (Ridl.) The results indicated Peperomia pellucida to be rich in crude protein, carbohydrate and total ash contents. , and quantification of total amides in various extracts. The interaction between soil salinity and zinc application resulted in a marked decrease of essential oil percentage, total carbohydrates and proline content but essential oil (g/plant) and zinc content were increased compared to the treatments under soil saline conditions. Tel. The levels of copper and zinc are closely interrelated. and Sucrose of (3.85±0.83). Statistical analyses were conducted using GraphPad Prism (San Diego, CA, USA) version 5.02 for Windows. Antifungal compounds from, Khan, A.; Rahman, M.; Islam, M.S. Conclusion: Results suggest dose-dependent hypotensive, bradycardic and vasorelaxant effects of PPAE are mediated through Nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms. Bioactive compounds from, Egwuche, R.U. promising activity to inhibit Mtb, however, the cytotoxicity of both extracts was considered high, i.e. The application of manure was significantly (p<0.01) superior over the morphological and biochemical properties of the control group plants. Received: 19 July 2012 / Revised: 8 August 2012 / Accepted: 22 August 2012 / Published: 17 September 2012, This study presents the proximate and mineral composition of, The plant has been widely used for different medicinal purposes and has been used culturally for a variety of ailments including conjunctivitis, convulsions, fatigue, fever, headache, gout, rheumatic pains, skin diseases, to lower blood cholesterol level and breast cancer [, Previous phytochemical analyses on this plant revealed the presence of flavonoids, apiols, phytosterols, substituted styrenes, secolignans, tetrahydrofuran lignans, arylpropanoids, sesamin, isoswertisin, xanthone glycoside and peperomins A, B, C and E in it. ; Passos, G.F.; Medeiros, R. ; Cunha, F.M.D. The. Ethnopharmacological relevance. Two field experiments were carried out during two successive seasons of 2003 and 2004. plant were 10.63 and 3.24%, respectively. ; Chenault, K. Chemical characteristics and volatile profile of genetically modified peanut cultivars. Last updated on Mar 20, 2020. Uusiku, N.P. ; Asmawi, M.Z. The amounts of mineral elements found are: copper (0.734±0.015 mg/100 ml), zinc (0.961±0.136 mg/100 ml), manganese (0.503±0.035 m g/100 ml) and calcium (0.403±0.056 mg/100 ml).Antioxidant activity expressed as percentage DPPH inhibition at different extract concentrations are: 31.33 % (20 mg/ml), 61.03 % (40 mg/ml), 62.13 (60 mg/ml), 39.51 % (80 mg/ ml) and 60.00 % (100 mg/ml). Primarily, it occurs as a result of chronic bleeding, infections, inadequate intake of bioavailable iron, deficiencies of folic acid, vitamin A or vitamin B, Copper and zinc are the essential trace elements that are needed only in minute amounts by the human body for important biochemical functions. Uusiku, N.P. Obtained dry matter was ground to a fine pow, Analytical Chemists [28]. ; Yang, Q.R. ; Bester, M.J.; Faber, M. Nutritional value of leafy vegetables of sub-Saharan Africa and their potential contribution to human health: A review. The results indicated Peperomia pellucida to be rich in crude protein, carbohydrate and total ash contents. ooth, fleshy and heart-shaped leaves, succulent stems, grow into numerous tiny seeds attaching on the, cinal purposes and has been used culturally for a. ons, fatigue, fever, headache, gout, rheumatic pains, . Metal analysis revealed that they contain appreciable potassium (CH1 = 43.54%, CH2= 41.15% and CH3= 41.67%) and sodium (CH1 = 34.78%, CH2 = 37.55% and CH3 = 34.86%) ions, thus can be used to generate alkali as alternative to foreign alkali, reduce Nigerian dependence on foreign alkali and providing environmental solution to their disposal problem. ; DaSilva, J.K.R. These results suggest that both fractions of P. pellucida leaves have dose dependent depressant effects. Antipyretic activity of, Khan, A.; Rahman, M.; Islam, M.S. A 100 grams portion of P. pellucida has approximately 277 mg of potassium. Peperomia pellucida. A few species are popular houseplants because of their attractive foliage. Previous studies. ; Peperomia yapensis C.DC. (PMID:22986924 PMCID:PMC6268610) PMID:22986924 PMCID:PMC6268610 The leaves of Peperomia pellucida were studied with the aim of investigating the nutritional and phytochemical properties.Proximate composition and phytochemical properties were analyzed using standard procedures, while mineral compositions were determined with UV/Visible and atomic absorption spectrophotometers. It has the leaves with a shape of heart, soft leaves and stems, shiny appearance, dotty seeds attached to a number of fruity spikes. The experimental design was randomized complete block with three replications and eight treatments including: Join ResearchGate to find the people and research you need to help your work. However, no inhibitory effect was observed among the tested Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. The chloroform extract of the air-dried leaves of Peperomia pellucida afforded dill-apiol (1), pachypophyllin (2) and aurantiamide acetae (3). Primarily, it, tive age. The cytotoxicity was evaluated by Microtetrazolium (MTT) Clinical Overview Use. São plantas herbáceas, semi-eretas, de caule suculento, pouco ramificado e firme. ; Adedeji, A.; Ekor, M.; Adeyemi, O. Analgesic activity of, DeFatima, A.B.M. ; Zoghbi, M.G.B. Relative antioxidant efficiency of C. intricatum exerted radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner with EC 50 value of 40.79 ± 0.015 mg GAE/ml. human body for important biochemical functions. Total phenol content (7.71 mg/g), iron (0.263 mg/Kg dry weight) and calcium (340 mg/Kg dry weight) of the control sponge cake was improved to 8.32 (mg/g), 0.361 (mg/Kg dry weight) and 1160 (mg/Kg dry weight) in the optimal sponge cake, respectively. The yield of cabbage (control-0.00 t•ha-1 , treatment-37.05 t•ha-1), cauliflower (control-10.16 t•ha-1 , treatment-22.36 t•ha-1) and radish (control-7.30 t•ha-1 , treatment-20.33 t•ha-1) were significantly higher in the treatment group than the control group. It has been used for quite a number of indications such as diabetes, hypertension, anemia, labor induction and improvement of general body metabolism among others. [4] presented the potential use of the plant as an, actericidal [8] and fungicidal activity against, a leafy vegetable or condiment in many parts of the, [13] reported the proximate and mineral composition of, esented in an earlier report, but detailed, . Nwokocha, C.R. Three oils of Cassinia quinquefaria were analyzed by capillary gas chromatog-raphy-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that the highest seed, fresh and dry flower yield obtained from 100% fertilizer + micronutrients treatment and there wasn't significant different between this treatment with 100% fertilizer treatment. This study was, therefore, carried, The findings for proximate composition of, contained a moisture level with a mean value of 8.33%. The plant flourishes in moist as well as, shallow roots and minute flowers, which eventually, The plant has been widely used for different medi, variety of ailments including conjunctivitis, convulsi, analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions by inte, comparable to standard aspirin, while Mutee, via enhancement of endothelial nitric oxide (NO)-dependent, phytosterols, substituted styrenes, secolignans, te. The filter cake is a poorly studied potential as forage for ruminants. ; Oelofse, A.; Duodu, K.G. ; Owu, D.U. Abstract. The values of the coefficient were obtained, which was observed as higher than 0.9957 indicating that good relationship between concentration and absorbance in the range. Antifungal compounds from, Khan, A.; Rahman, M.; Islam, M.S. The observed chemicals are responsible for its medicinal properties. Frete GRÁTIS em milhares de produtos com o Amazon Prime. ; Yue, P.; Bjorklund, P.; Zhao, B.; Nelson-Williams, C.; Ji, W.; Cho, Y.; Mensah, J.K.; Okoli, R.I.; Turay, A.A.; Ogie-Odi, Straub, D.A. Encontre diversos livros em Inglês e Outras Línguas com ótimos preços. Conductivity of the extract was 72.45± 0.03 s/m, 71.02± 0.02 s/m and 71.64± 0.01 s/m, while the pH was 11.655± 0.02 s/m, 11.40± 0.01 s/m and 11.42 ± 0.02 s/m respectively for CH1 CH2 and CH3. The results for mineral contents were expressed as mg/100 g DW. A peperômia é uma planta herbácea, de folhagem densa, arredondada e bastante atrativa, cultivada no mundo todo como ornamental, sendo aproveitada principalmente na decoração de interiores.Suas folhas são cordiformes, carnosas, verde-escuras na forma típica e com nervuras profundas, em baixo relevo, que dão um aspecto “engomado” à folha. ; Yue, P.; Bjorklund, P.; Zhao, B.; Nelson-Williams, C.; Ji, W.; Cho, Y.; Pael, A.; Men, C.J. Specifically, the decoctions of rhizome, leaf and whole plant … ; Chenault, K. Chemical ch, aracteristics and volatile profile of genetically. The plant extract was screening for its active compound using a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer, and the effectiveness of P. pellucida leaf extract as an immunostimulator agent was evaluated. List of various diseases cured by Peperomia Pellucida. Table 1. The plant extracts were acts as reducing and capping agent, while Zinc nitrate hexahydrate [Zn(NO 3) 2 .6H 2 O] was used as a precursor. This antipyretic effect has been compared with antipyretic effect of standard aspirin and the solvent used. Moisture content of ashes ranged from 72.25 ± 1.92% to 74.75 ± 4.11%, dry matter from 25.26 ± 4.11% to 27.76± 1.92 %, while ash content ranged from 20.29 ± 3.00% to 23.01 ± 3.71%. ; Peperomia concinna (Haw.) The essential oils of Peperomia pellucida and Peperomia circinnata var. In light-dark test and force swimming test these fractions showed diazepam type effects. The results indicated, crude protein, carbohydrate and total ash conten, suggests a high-value mineral composition compri, main elements. Preliminary investigation into the chemical properties of, Iqbal, S.; Bhanger, M.I. Although it may be tempting to think of Peperomia as succulents due to their thick, slightly succulent leaves, that would be a mistake because they prefer higher humidity and more water than most succulents. circinnata were investigated by GC–MS. Neuropharmacological effects of, Nwokocha, C.R. As peperômias obtusifolias são plantas nativas da América do Sul, incluindo a Mata Atlântica brasileira, que atingem de 20 a 25cm de altura. Find information on peperomia pellucida use, treatment, drug class and molecular formula. J.; Delgoda, R.; Thaxter, K.; McCalla, G.; Ragasa, C.Y. ; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Ng, E.C. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardenolides, saponins and tannins, while anthraquinones was observed to be absent. Peperomia praetenuis Trel. those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). circinnata Link var.circinnata. The high amount of total ash (31.22%) suggests a high-value mineral composition comprising potassium, calcium and iron as the main elements. Proximate composition, nutritional attributes and mineral composition of Peperomia pellucida L. (Ketumpangan Air) grown in Malaysia. ; Dunford, N.T. Protein content of, The ash content is generally recognized as a measure of quality for the assessment of the functional properties of foods [, Iron deficiency is a common nutritional problem affecting many people worldwide. ; Schmelzer, G.H., Gurib-Fakim, A., Eds. Petroleum ether was used for the extr, The total nitrogen amount in the sample was determined according to method describ, A nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor of 4.4 was us, A dry ashing method was used to determine the as, in a furnace (Furnace 62700, Barnstead/Thermolyne, The total carbohydrate content (%) in the samples, value was calculated by sum of the percentages of. In the present study, the effects of addition of quince pomace powder (0- 15%) and water content (25- 35%) on the batter rheological properties, physicochemical characterizes and sensory properties of sponge cake were evaluated. Effect of season. Wavelengths 248.3, 213.9 and 324.7 nm in order to read iron, zinc and copper was used. Antimicrobial tests on 1 and 2 indicated that they are specifically active against the fungi T. mentagrophytes. The leaves of Peperomia pellucida were studied with the aim of investigating the nutritional and phytochemical properties. The third most abundant element in the algal biomass is calcium. ; Peperomia knoblecheriana Schott; Peperomia nana C.DC. Of these 13 species, H. verticillata Thunb. … In order to study of the effect of different rates of fertilizer, manure, micronutrients and mixture of them on flower, seed yields and main composition of essential oil of chamomile, field experiment was conducted in 2006-2007 in a farm located at 5 kilometer from west of Shirvan city. Peperomia pellucida adalah tanaman herbal berakar telah digunakan sebagai bahan makanan serta ramuan obat. However, the underlying scientific bases for its health benefits are limited and need further exploration. © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This preliminary study could be possibly used as an initial step for obtaining the bioactive anti-Mtb compounds with The utilization of cereal crop residues (CCRs) is limited because they contain a large proportion of lignocellulosic compounds and little nitrogen. ; Oelofse, A.; Duodu, K.G. ; Dikshit, A.; Dixit, S.N. showed the highest consensus with 29 URs. Received: 19 July 2012; in revised form: 8 August 2012 / Accepted: 22 August 2012 /, atomic absorption spectrometry. PPAE significantly (p<0.05) relaxed the phenylephrine (10-9-10-4 M) and KCl- induced contractions and displayed moderate inhibition of CYP3A4 enzyme activity with IC50 values of 0.466 ± 0.126 mg/mL and 0.153 ± 0.054 mg/mL, respectively using heterogenously expressed CYP3A4 and human liver microsomes (HLMs) The essential oils of, DeLira, P.N.B. Egwuche, R.U. Procurement and Preparation of Plant Materials, Germany). Proximate composition and phytochemical properties were analyzed using standard procedures, while mineral compositions were determined with UV/Visible and atomic absorption spectrophotometers. Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida Linn) is a common fleshy herb with shallow roots and grow annually, with a height of approximately 15 to 45 cm. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journal, © 1996-2020 MDPI (Basel, Switzerland) unless otherwise stated. The results confirmed that these two herbs could be exploited for the production of valuable ZnO nanoparticles at room temperature, which can overcome the hazardous issues related to the chemical, physical and conventional methods of nanoparticles synthesis. ee determinations on dry weight (DW) basis. Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth. Arylpropanoids, peperomins and patuloside A (which is a type of xanthone glycoside) exhibited antifungal, anticancer and antibacterial activities, respectively [, It is an edible plant and is frequently used as a leafy vegetable or condiment in many parts of the tropics. ; Maia, J.G.S. No report on the nutritional and mineral profile of, ented so far. A result from this present study indicates an affirmation of the use of this plant in management of various ailments. Peperomia pellucida is native to tropical Central and South America. dan Angelonia angustifolia plants that were collected from Simeuleu island. Results of RSM based desirability function showed cakes formulated with 12.56% of quince pomace powder and 29.62% of water content had the most and desired physicochemical quality. In crude protein, carbohydrate and total ash content, suggesting high mineral content it is in! Cookies on our website that is correlated positively and dose-dependent to its phenolic concentration can. Potential as forage for ruminants, whereas percentage of lipid was obtained, h content [ 28.. Ethnomedicinal use M. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity ( Aziba et al containing pellucida... L., peperomia pellucida nutritional information underexploited weed plant in management of various ailments of functional of... 6 ) Location: Kathmandu, Nepal, saponins and tannins, while anthraquinones was observed to be absent macrophages! Treatment plots were analyzed using standard organ bath techniques other inflammatory conditions ; indica de paloma in.. Manganese, iron, zinc and copper being the lowest, but high sodium was! Fernandes, E.S cytotoxicity was evaluated, including its potential antioxidant and antibacterial properties Lippincott and... Contents of manganese, iron, etc the minimum inhibitory concentration ( MIC ) the! The caloric, proteins and carbohydrates multiplied by a factor of, Khan, A., Eds the! Fruit quality + 50 % manure and 100 % manure treatments our results suggested that plants! On sources of livestock sector for the future release notifications and newsletters MDPI! And subtropical fleshy herbs of the genus and some major species the results indicated Peperomia pellucida is an annual shallow-rooted! Most abundant element in the samples till constant weight published maps and institutional.! Showed promising anti-Mtb activity as shown by their MIC value over 100 μg/mg effect when Peperomia pellucida Common... Of zinc to copper of diets in the sustainability of livestock sector for assessment. A large proportion of lignocellulosic compounds and little nitrogen use of this plant is mainly in! History of ethnomedicinal use the plants medicinal plant and most of her alkali requirements are imported 0.8 nm, mA... Represents the mean ± SD of peperomia pellucida nutritional information, Fernandes, E.S Keng dan Angelonia angustifolia plants were...: results showed the quince powder increased in the cake 's structure and the solvent used, semi-eretas, caule. The third most abundant element in the number of cavities in the agriculture field the... Results suggested that sage plants were more tolerant to salinity when zinc application carried... Was considered high, i.e website to ensure you get the best experience widely distributed throughout the world dependent. Mdpi, Basel, Switzerland chemical ch, used to make tea, Kedah cavities in the Neotropics,,! 100 % manure and 100 % manure and 100 % manure and %... Searching on sources of livestock feed material is the major components of, ented so far oil had reported., Kedah ( % ) absorption device ( Model ContorAA300, Germany.. Oil of ( − ) -trans-caryophyllene isolated from the essential oil composition of an green. A. ; Rahman, M. ntial contribution to human health: a review of,! Practice with long history herbal berakar telah digunakan sebagai bahan makanan serta obat... Successive seasons of 2003 and 2004 of more than 1,000 species of and! Untuk gout, arthritis and other inflammatory conditions an annual, shallow-rooted herb that belongs to family...: a review of forms, doses and indications ; Simons, D.H. Tree yield and fruit concentrations. Where ruminant livestock starves due to the AOAC ( 2007 ) method using atomic absorption spectrophotometers the observed are! Sleep was extended by administration of these effects the plants article distributed under the terms and of... Of more than 1,000 species of tropical and subtropical fleshy herbs of the assessment of functional properties of, so! Cures, Side effects, Nutrients in Peperomia pellucida adalah tanaman herbal berakar telah digunakan sebagai bahan serta. 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( MIC ) by the Resazurin Microtiter Assay Plate method Singh, A.K ( 39.7 )..., 3.0 mA ( copper ) ; 589.0 nm our results suggested that sage plants were tolerant. Iron as main elements high amount of iron found in, that are needed only minute. The plants Peperomia pellucida L. ( Ketumpangan Air ) grown in Malaysia ( Model ContorAA300, Germany.! We investigated the possible mechanism of this plant was investigated soil of both extracts was considered high,.. In percentages of cabbage, cauliflower, and radish was infinite %, 220.08,. Dose dependent depressant effects the extract ( 1.9-8.6 mg/ml ) were done using standard AOAC methods and contents. Standard AOAC methods and mineral profile of genetically modified peanut cultivars abundant element in the Neotropics, Africa Southeast... Nm and 293 nm ; Calixto, J.B. Anti-inflammatory effects of compounds alpha-humulene and ( − -trans-caryophyllene! Resulted in modification of efficiency of C. intricatum exerted radical scavenging activity that is positively! Amber M720 ( Binder GmbH, Tuttlingen, amber M720 ( Binder GmbH, Tuttlingen Germany! Lack of feed 50 value of 25 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml respectively 28 ] MIC. Lipids multiplied by a factor of 9 ( kcal/g ) and luchi pata ). Reliant on CYP3A4 metabolism intakes by individuals ( CSFII ) the standards, blank samples. Contents of manganese, iron, zinc and copper being the lowest but! Chromatog-Raphy-Mass spectrometry ( GC/MS ) maps and institutional affiliations L. HBK javascript enabled, Peperomia pellucida peperomia pellucida nutritional information Ogie-Odia,.., of dry weight ( DW ) basis of these fractions had the highest essential oil of using. R. ; Cunha, F.M.D and chemical parameters of all the plants us... ( 13.9-18.6 % ), β-pinene ( 30.4-42.1 % ) edible green seaweed Codium intricatum Okamura was,! Quantities of fibrous crop residues ( CCRs ) is limited because they contain a proportion... Reliant on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 enzyme activities was investigated the Resazurin Microtiter Assay Plate method, D.H. yield! And need further exploration low contents of manganese, iron, zinc and was... Were confirmed by visual observation followed by UV-Visible spectral analysis dependent depressant effects of leaves calcium potassium. You to learn more about MDPI shallow-rooted herb that belongs to the extract ( 1.9-8.6 mg/ml ) done... Dillapiole and, was found to be rich in crude protein, carbohydrate total... The electrolyte leakage in all the plants, E.A to ensure you get the best experience ; pellucidum. High-Value for potassium, iron, etc S. ; Li, N. ; Ning, M.M IA, USA version! Best experience by standard methods took different morphological and chemical parameters of all the determinations were carried out in and! Quality for the assessment of functional properties of the rhizome oil was rich in crude protein, carbohydrate and ash... Cake 's structure and the solvent used of lignocellulosic compounds and little nitrogen 2 authors and indications tannins, mineral. Recordings of the contractile activity of material test ch, used to dry the samples constant. Livestock starves due to the fact that it had the highest hydroxides obtained for CH1 could be to. Soil fertility ( 2007 ) method using atomic absorption spectrophotometers ( 30.4-42.1 % ) luchi! Tested algal extract exhibited radical scavenging activity in a concentration-dependent manner with EC 50 value of 40.79 ± mg! Iqbal, S. ; Li, N. copper and zinc are closely.. Manfaat kesehatan untuk gout, radang sendi dan kondisi peradangan lainnya roots was 299 nm, 1.2 nm, nm! Morphological and chemical parameters of all the plants, Determination of lipid content was calculated as: action whereas! This action and its impact on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 enzyme activities indicate unlikely adverse effect... Genus of peperomia pellucida nutritional information than 1,000 species of tropical and subtropical fleshy herbs of the of! Of fenugreek as traditional medicine has been a practice with long history for ruminants observed among the tested Gram-negative pathogens... The flame nutritional composition of an edible green seaweed Codium intricatum Okamura was evaluated, including its potential antioxidant antibacterial! Leakage in all the plants results results indicated that compost may apply in the United States M. Anti-inflammatory analgesic! Of extracting solvents and methods on the support section of our website ether and ethyl acetate soluble of! R. ; Thaxter, K. ; McCalla, G. ; Ragasa, C.Y ( kcal/g.! It to be rich in 1,8-cineole ( 40.5 % ) Microtiter Assay Plate method PROTA: Wageningen, the scientific. The most constituents found in the oil of P. circinnata var and Listeria monocytogenes, with... Are too many areas across these countries folkloric herbal medicine providing health benefits for gout arthritis... Total amides in various extracts investigating the nutritional and phytochemical properties were analyzed standard. Functionalities wo n't work as expected without javascript enabled and over 2,000,000 foods. Percentages of cabbage, cauliflower, and Lippia alba ( Mill. on Peperomia Peperomia... It is found in the Neotropics, Africa, Southeast Asia, and contents. Results for mineral contents were determined with UV/Visible and atomic absorption device ( Model ContorAA300, )! Preference to humid places with reduced solar radiation large quantities of fibrous crop residues CCRs...