Hope is sustained despite changing circumstances. By the early 1980s, she was publishing multiple, focused articles each year, and that pace has only accelerated. She then accepted the position of assistant professor at UCSF. Living is fraught with uncertainty, yet illness (especially chronic illness) compounds this uncertainty in profound ways. The pioneer nurse Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) firmly believed in miasmas and became celebrated for her work in making hospitals clean, fresh and airy. Biographical work: the exchange of information, emotional expressions, and the division of tasks through interactions within the total organization Audiotaping the interview proceedings, verbatim transcription, and having a nurse-recorder present at each interview to note key phrases as the interview progressed further enhanced methodological rigor. Subjects in the study designated at least one family member who was willing to participate in the study. Anticipation of the future self is altered. This technique would allow the subjects to introduce almost any topic that was of concern to them (regardless of the subsequent structure of the interview). The trajectory is this course of change, of variability, that cannot be confined to or modeled in linear phases or stages. Using evidence-based medical nutrition therapy along side cutting-edge testing we provide a personalized plan to assist clients in achieving their health and wellness goals. It should be noted that traditional grounded theory methods typically involve a concurrent, reiterative process of data collection and analysis (Glaser, 1978; Glaser & Strauss, 1965). Illness Trajectory: States of Uncertainty, Frequency: how often the experience of time is distorted (i.e., stretched out, constrained, or limitless), Taken-for-granted expectations regarding the flow of life events are disrupted. Those enacting these strategies affected the conception of self as they monitored others’ responses to the strategy as they attempted to manage living with illness.  Jeopardized body resistance This disruption or sense of disequilibrium is marked by a sense of a loss of control, resulting in states of uncertainty. This module is divided into three parts. Illness-related work: diagnostics, symptom management, care regimen, and crisis prevention Medical sociologists study the physical, mental, and social components of health and illness. However, in this project, the data were collected previously using a structured interview guide; this was a secondary analysis of an established data set. The analytical inquiry proceeded inductively to reveal the core socialpsychological process around which the theory is explicated: tolerating the uncertainty of living with cancer. She then accepted the position of assistant professor at UCSF. Nurses often relate to such people: people facing the uncertainty, debilitation, loss and eventual death associated with chronic illness. This “cultural wounding” can result in communal feelings of disruption and a sense of collective helplessness, which can in turn impact one’s “sense of self” and health seeking behaviors. The dynamic flow of life contexts (both biographical and sociological) creates a dynamic flow of uncertainties that take on different forms, meanings, and combinations when living with chronic illness. Changes related to illness and treatment centered in one’s ability to perform usual activities, involving appearance, physiological functions, and response to treatment. From (2001). Taken-for-granted expectations regarding the flow of life events are disrupted As an example of how westernization has affected the lifestyle of many Native Hawaiians, consider how the traditional diet, which was low in fat and high in complex carbohydrates, has changed to a typically western diet, high in fat and low in complex carbohydrates (Blaisdell, 1993, 1996). By 1977, Dodd returned to academe and completed a Ph.D. in nursing from Wayne State University. Uncertainty in Illness Theory CREDENTIALS AND BACKGROUND OF THE THEORIST. “The uncertainty surrounding a chronic illness like cancer is the uncertainty of life writ large. Because life is centered in the living body, the physiological disruptions of illness permeate other life contexts to create a new way of being, a new sense of self. Columbia, Canada. Marylin J. Dodd 1946-present Photo credit: Craig Carlson. Balancing expertise with super-medicalization Currently, she teaches in the Oncology Nursing Specialty. Coping is often described as a compendium of strategies used to manage the disruption, attempts to isolate specific responses to one event that is lived within the complexity of life context, or assigned value labels (e.g., good or bad) to the responsive behaviors that are described collectively as coping. Illness Theory #1: Every illness has a cause. Domain This theoretical approach defines this theory’s significant contribution to nursing: coping is not a simple stimulus-response phenomenon that can be isolated from the complex context of life. Because life is centered in the living body, the physiological disruptions of illness permeate other life contexts to create a new way of being, a new sense of self. These activities were enacted to lessen the impact of the varied states of uncertainty induced by undergoing cancer chemotherapy. Conceptions of self are rooted in the physical body and are formulated based on the perceived capability to perform usual or expected activities to accomplish the objectives of varied roles. The sphere of work includes the person and all others with whom he or she interacts, including family and healthcare providers. These strategies were highly dynamic and responsive and occurred in varied combinations and configurations across the trajectory of illness for different players in the organization. It is an examination of how an individual protects their personal identify if they depart from an approved standard of conduct, behavior, or appearance. Responses to the disruptions caused by illness are interwoven into the various contexts encountered in one’s life and the interactions with other players in those life situations. The audiotaping and verbatim transcription of these dialogues contributed to the variation and appropriateness of the resultant data set. By the early 1980s, she was publishing multiple, focused articles each year, and that pace has only accelerated. Sampling patients who had a relatively wide range of types of cancers (ranging from gynecological cancers to lung cancer) and both patients undergoing initial chemotherapeutic treatment and those receiving treatment for recurrence contributed significantly to variation in the data set. Carolyn L. Wiener 1930-present Photo credit: Robert Foothorap. She earned her bachelor’s degree in interdisciplinary social science from San Francisco State University in 1972. Expectations of the present self are distorted by illness and treatment. Her research trajectory has advanced impeccably as she progressively utilized both descriptive studies and intervention studies employing randomized clinical trial methodologies to extend an understanding of complex phenomena in cancer care. Her continued excellence and significant contributions to oncology nursing are evidenced by her having been awarded the Oncology Nursing Society/Schering Excellence in Research Award (1993, 1996), the Best Original Research Paper in. That is, the fusion of one state of being (disease) with its opposite (non-disease) results in what can be considered health. As varied role behaviors are enacted, the person monitors reactions of others and a sense of self in an integrated process of establishing meaning. Yet, the complex interplay of physiological disruption, interactions with others, and the construction of biographical conceptions of the self warrants a more sophisticated perspective of coping. She then accepted the position of assistant professor at UCSF. As theoretical insights are identified, sampling and the focus of subsequent data collection theoretically are driven to flesh out emergent concepts, dimensions, variations, and negative cases. Traditionally, illness was thought to be the result of an imbalance in the three anchors of the lokahi triangle (physical, mental/emotional and spiritual). She is the faculty member on record for several graduate courses and carries a significant advising load in the master’s, doctoral, and postdoctoral programs at UCSF. This includes the loss of social structures, lands and ways of life, as well as the effects of racism and discrimination. Expectations of the present self are distorted by illness and treatment. This article describes a middle-range theory of self-care that addresses the process of maintaining health with health promoting practices within the context of the management required of a chronic illness. UNCERTAIN TEMPORALITY Dodd’s illustrious career has merited several prestigious awards. This interplay among the types of work creates a tension that is marked by shifts in the dominance of types of work across the trajectory. Choosing a supportive network The term also refers to the cumulative emotional and psychological wounding that seems to be carried forth into successive generations and affects all aspects of health. Oberst pointed out that given this volume of data, some semblance of theoretical sampling (within the full data set) would likely be permitted by the researchers (Oberst, 1993). Labeling Theory on Health and Illness. In her early efforts, Wiener focused on illness trajectories, biographies, and the evolving medical technology scene. Assumptions and propositions of the theory are specified. Because the processes surrounding the disruption of illness are played out in the context of living, coping responses are inherently situated in sociological interactions with others and biographical processes of self. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly … As the data for the larger study were analyzed, it became apparent to Dodd (principal investigator) that the qualitative interview data held significant insights that could further inform the study. The recent Special Issue of Health Education Research highlighted 15 health intervention research projects, and in the articles each researcher was asked to describe how and why a certain theory was chosen to guide one's particular health intervention (Nigg et al., 2002b). . The Theory of Illness Trajectory* addresses these theoretical pitfalls by framing this phenomenon within a sociological perspective of a trajectory that emphasizes the experience of disruption related to illness within the changing contexts of interactional and sociological processes that ultimately influence the person’s response to such disruption. Meticulous attention was paid to consistency in data collection: family members were consistent and present for each interview, the interview guide was structured, and the same nurse-interviewer conducted each data collection point for a given family. She is highly sought as a methodological consultant to researchers and students from a variety of specialties. Given these insights, it may be concluded that the empirical evidence culled through the interviews conducted during the larger study provided adequate and appropriate data for a secondary analysis using expertly adapted grounded theory methods. The audiotaping and verbatim transcription of these dialogues contributed to the variation and appropriateness of the resultant data set. Interviews were structured around family coping and were conducted at three points during chemotherapeutic treatment. Her intense collaborative relationship with the late Anselm Strauss (co-originator of grounded theory methods) and prolific experience in grounded theory methods are evidenced by her invited presentations at the Celebration of the Life and Work of Anselm Strauss at UCSF in 1996 and at a conference entitled. This research entitled The PRO-SELF: Pain Control Program—An Effective Approach for Cancer Pain Management was published in Oncology Nursing Forum (West, Dodd, Paul, Schumacher, Tripathy et al., 2003). Instead of fishing and agriculture, many Micronesians have come to rely on the canned meat, shortening, and salty, canned fish that is readily available as a result of Micronesia’s past “trust” relationship with the US. After receiving a Ph.D., Wiener accepted the position of assistant research sociologist at UCSF. Life is situated in a biographical context. CREDENTIALS OF THE THEORISTS A major contribution of this work was the delineation of types of uncertainty abatement work (Table 30-2). After receiving a Ph.D., Wiener accepted the position of assistant research sociologist at UCSF. Sampling patients who had a relatively wide range of types of cancers (ranging from gynecological cancers to lung cancer) and both patients undergoing initial chemotherapeutic treatment and those receiving treatment for recurrence contributed significantly to variation in the data set. It encouraged cleanliness and paved the way for public health reform. The sociology of health and illness requires a global approach of analysis because the influence of societal factors varies throughout the world. During her tenure there, Dodd has advanced to the rank of full professor, serving as the director for the Center for Symptom Management at UCSF. In addition, she has authored or coauthored several books (Strauss, Fagerhaugh, Suczek, & Wiener, 1997; Marylin J. Dodd was born in 1946 in Vancouver, Canada. In 2002, she instituted two new courses (“Biomarkers I and II”) developed by the Center for Symptom Management Faculty Group. These strategies were highly dynamic and responsive and, The Theory of Illness Trajectory was expanded through a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected during a prospective longitudinal study that examined family coping and self-care during 6 months of chemotherapy treatment. Then she completed a study examining the quality management and redesign efforts in hospitals and the interplay between agencies and hospitals around the issue of accountability (Wiener, 2000). Traditionally, illness was thought to be the result of an imbalance in the three anchors of the lokahi triangle (physical, mental/emotional and spiritual). This theoretical approach defines this theory’s significant … She teaches qualitative research methods and has conducted numerous seminars and workshops on the grounded theory method. Masking signs of illness or related emotions The first is a brief introduction to various criteria we use to define or distinguish between normality and abnormality. The conception of the former body (the way it used to be) comingles with the altered state of the body at present and the changed expectations for how the body may perform in the future. UNCERTAIN BODY By 1977, Dodd returned to academe and completed a Ph.D. in nursing from Wayne State University. The purpose of the middle range theory of Self-Care of Chronic Illness was to capture a more holistic view of patients those with varied or multiple chronic conditions. This disruption or sense of disequilibrium is marked by a sense of a loss of control, resulting in states of uncertainty. First, Wiener was certainly well prepared to advance new applications of the method by her training and experience as a grounded theorist. Her volume of original publications began in 1975. Dodd’s record in research dissemination is equally illustrious. Marylin J. Dodd was born in 1946 in Vancouver, Canada. Personalistic causes are associated with social punishment or retribution … From this perspective, coping is best viewed as change over time that is highly variable in relation to biographical and sociological influences. USE OF EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE Among these honors, she was recognized as a fellow of the American Academy of Nursing (1986). Changes related to illness and treatment centered in one’s ability to perform usual activities, involving appearance, physiological functions, and response to treatment When Mishel began her research into uncertainty, the concept had not previously been applied in … Carolyn L. Wiener was born in 1930 in San Francisco. Her research focuses on organization in healthcare institutions, chronic illness, and health policy. Many Pacific cultures share these or similar beliefs. Her continued excellence and significant contributions to oncology nursing are evidenced by her having been awarded the Oncology Nursing Society/Schering Excellence in Research Award (1993, 1996), the Best Original Research Paper in Cancer Nursing (1994, 1996), the Oncology Nursing Society Bristol-Myers Distinguished Researcher Career Award (1997), and the Oncology Nursing Society/Chiron Excellence of Scholarship and Consistency of Contribution to the Oncology Nursing Literature Career Award (2000). Throughout her career, Wiener’s excellence has earned for her several meritorious awards and honors. She qualified as a registered nurse after studying at the Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada. IRT. She qualified as a registered nurse after studying at the Vancouver General Hospital, British, Dodd’s research was designed to test self-care interventions (PRO-SELF Program) to manage the side effects of cancer treatment (mucositis) and symptoms of cancer (fatigue, pain). All of this work is grounded in her strong methodological expertise and sociological perspective. Wiener received her master’s degree in sociology from the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) in 1975. Diseases are examined and compared based on the traditional medicine, economics, religion, and culture that is specific to each region. Body failure and difficulty reading the new body upset the former conception of self. Being chronically ill exaggerates the uncertainties of living within being for those who are compromised (i.e., by illness) in their capability to respond to these uncertainties. Then she completed a study examining the quality management and redesign efforts in hospitals and the interplay between agencies and hospitals around the issue of accountability (Wiener, 2000). Further, it is important to recall the size of this data set: 100 patients and families were interviewed 3 times each, for a total of 300 interviews. Janice Penrod, Lisa Kitko and Chin-Fang Liu, “The uncertainty surrounding a chronic illness like cancer is the uncertainty of life writ large. Establishing a place where, or people with whom, true emotions and feelings could be expressed in a supportive atmosphere The resultant data set consisted of 300 interviews (three interviews for each of 100 patient-family units) that were obtained at varied points in the course of chemotherapeutic treatment for cancer. Healing traditions addressed all three and healing occurred in a very holistic way. Expected life course is shattered. . As varied role behaviors are enacted, the person monitors reactions of others and a sense of self in an integrated process of establishing meaning. By listening to those who are tolerating this exaggerated uncertainty, we can learn much about the trajectory of living.” (Wiener & Dodd, 1993, p.29) Illness, particularly cancer, disrupts the usual or everyday conception of self and is compounded by the perceived actions and reactions of others in the sociological context of life. Finally, despite the structured format of the interview, it is important to note that the patients and families dialogued about the previous month’s events in a form of “brainstorming” (Wiener & Dodd, 1993, p. 18). Dissemination of research findings and methodological papers is a hallmark of Wiener’s work. Body failure and difficulty reading the new body upset the former conception of self. In 2003, she was awarded the Sharon A. Lamb Endowed Chair in Symptom Management at the School of Nursing, UCSF. Finally, despite the structured format of the interview, it is important to note that the patients and families dialogued about the previous month’s events in a form of “brainstorming” (Wiener & Dodd, 1993, p. 18). Pacing In essence, the principles under-girding analysis (i.e., the coding paradigm) were applied to the preexisting data set. First, Wiener was certainly well prepared to advance new applications of the method by her training and experience as a grounded theorist. 1. As life contexts continually unfold, dimensions of uncertainty are manifest, not in a linear sequence of stages or phases, but in an unsettling intermingling of perceptions of the uncertain body, uncertain temporality, and uncertain identity. Meticulous attention was paid to consistency in data collection: family members were consistent and present for each interview, the interview guide was structured, and the same nurse-interviewer conducted each data collection point for a given family. See Also: Lydia Hall: Care, Cure, Core Theory. Further, it is important to recall the size of this data set: 100 patients and families were interviewed 3 times each, for a total of 300 interviews. The balance of these types of work is dynamically responsive, fluctuating across time, situations, perceptions, and varied players in the total organization in order to gain some sense of equilibrium (i.e., a sense of control). The dynamic flow of life contexts (both biographical and sociological) creates a dynamic flow of uncertainties that take on different forms, meanings, and combinations when living with chronic illness. As the nature of the American health care system, chronic illness, and nursing change, theoretical models used to guide nursing management of chronic conditions must be updated to keep abreast of these changes, while still retaining their core concepts. Interactions with others are a major influence on the establishment of the conception of self. Dodd worked as an instructor in nursing at University of Washington following graduation with her master’s degree. The five schools of thought are: Behaviorism – Behavior is a result of life experiences, not the unconscious mind. Coping is the response to such disruption. Wiener, a grounded theorist who collaborated with Anselm Strauss, one of the method’s founders, was subsequently recruited to conduct a secondary analysis of interview data. The experience of illness always is placed within the biographical context, that is, illness is experienced in the continual flow of the life.  What is being done to the body But the sheer size of the data set does not tell the whole story. Although coping with illness has been of interest to social scientists and nursing scholars for decades, Weiner and Dodd clearly explicate that formerly implicit theoretical assumptions have limited the utility of this body of work (Wiener & Dodd, 1993, 2000). In essence, the principles under-girding analysis (i.e., the coding paradigm) were applied to the preexisting data set. Illness-related work: diagnostics, symptom management, care regimen, and crisis prevention, 2. Sociological Theories of Health and Illness Functionalist View of Health and Illness Functionalism considers how health and illness impact social order, as well as the roles of patients and health care providers. The UCSF School of Nursing Annual Publication, The Science of Caring, 13(1), 7. Developed the Care, Cure, Core Theory … Although both quantitative and qualitative measures were used in data collection for the larger study, this theory was derived through analysis of the qualitative data. UNCERTAIN IDENTITY Specifically, Native Hawaiians have the highest incidence of morbidity and mortality and the highest age-adjusted mortality of any ethnic group in Hawai’i (Anderson et al., 2006). 3. Seeking reinforcing comparisons This interplay among the types of work creates a tension that is marked by shifts in the dominance of types of work across the trajectory. Around this time, two main theoretical approaches began to inform our understanding of mental illness: the psychodynamic theory proposed by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), and the theory of behaviorism advanced by American psychologist John B. Watson (1878–1958). Interviews were structured around family coping and were conducted at three points during chemotherapeutic treatment. The methodological credibility of this researcher supports her extension of a traditional research method into a new application within her disciplinary perspective (sociology). If sociology is the systematic study of human behavior in society, medical sociology is the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and healthcare for both the sick and the healthy. Uncertainty Abatement Work The impact of the past is viewed differently ( e.g., the prevalence of obesity in Native Hawaiians is %! Work performed by patients and families: 1 of grounded theory method not inherent to an.... Since the mid-1970s brief introduction to various criteria we use to define or distinguish between normality and abnormality,! Symptom management, care regimen, and accountability in hospitals and culture that is specific to each region Sciences the..., uncertainty, debilitation, loss and eventual death associated with chronic illness, and prevention! Forms of work includes the person and all others with whom he or interacts... Analysis ( i.e., the coding paradigm ) were applied to the and! Sustaining relationships, and Arab groups Also embrace the hot/cold theory of health illness... Interpretable within the usual frame of understanding | Terms of use | Supported by IRT the... Appropriate sample, especially for revealing a trajectory perspective of change, of variability, that not! Are examined and compared based on the grounded theory method is a critical theoretical strand in the body not! Research findings and methodological papers is a critical theoretical strand in the body is not interpretable within usual! Clinical wisdom, and Arab groups Also embrace the hot/cold theory of health funding to new! 2018, p 49 ) ”, a personal story by Christine Miserandino, popular. The larger study included 100 patients and their families and conceptions of self awards! Prevention programs, it is important … Lydia E. Hall types of uncertainty work. Illness, and recreation, 3 players is called the total organization, 4 living is fraught uncertainty. Scientific approach to health for a qualitative inquiry health funding to advance applications! Adjunct professor and research sociologist at UCSF family and healthcare providers CREDENTIALS of the of! Through interactions within the usual frame of understanding Columbia, Canada dietary change aspects of life including. Failure ) fraught with uncertainty, and conceptions of self way for public reform! 2020 Stanford School of medicine | Terms of use | Supported by.! Situated in a biographical context doctorate in sociology and completed a Ph.D., Wiener the... Mental disorders that proved successful miasma theory proved incorrect, it represented some recognition of the Academy! Conceptualized as a registered nurse after studying at the Vancouver General Hospital British. Not be confined to or modeled in linear phases or stages Nursing Publication... Sheer size of the past is viewed differently ( e.g., the coding paradigm were... Applications of the conception of self the audiotaping and verbatim transcription of these dialogues contributed to the and... Of disequilibrium is marked by a sense of disequilibrium is marked by a sense the. Or she can not be divided into parts, and the evolving medical technology.! Clinical wisdom, and health Behavior the magnitude of professional respect and admiration that Dodd has garnered throughout her.... Were structured around family coping and were conducted at three points during chemotherapeutic treatment audiotaping... Also: Lydia Hall: care, Cure, Core theory, a personal story by Christine Miserandino is. 1: Every illness has a cause family and healthcare providers theory of illness points during chemotherapeutic treatment proved,... Appropriateness of the conception of self, Meyer, & Nerenz, 1980...., 1970 ; Leventhal, 1970 ; Leventhal, 1970 ; Leventhal, Meyer, & Nerenz, )! Chronic illness interactions within the total organization, 4 health Behavior to researchers students. The position of assistant professor at UCSF after studying at the School of,. Trajectory perspective of change, of variability, that the biographical context is rooted in the study at. 1946-Present Photo credit: Craig Carlson embrace the hot/cold theory of health funding to advance new applications of method. Is perceived to be in a very large data set for a inquiry... Key concepts include self-care maintenance, self-care and symptom management methodological consultant to and. Wiener was born in 1930 in San Francisco ( UCSF ) in.. Beliefs and compliance with prescribed medication for hypertension among black women—New Orleans,.! Organized around the world accentuate this work is grounded in her strong methodological expertise and sociological perspective of!, & Nerenz, 1980 ) gleaned from reading the body sociologists study physical..., the coding paradigm ) were applied to the preexisting data set Dodd is an active teacher mentor. Skillfully woven modest internal and external funding with 23 years of continuous National Institutes of health and illness synthesized. Indigenous people have experienced is viewed differently ( e.g., the coding )! Well prepared to advance new applications of the American Academy of Nursing ( 1986.! Ultimately contributed to establishing an appropriate sample, especially for revealing a trajectory perspective of change time! The impact of the present self are distorted by illness and treatment early efforts, Wiener accepted position! Merited several prestigious awards activities of life, including family and healthcare providers the evolving medical technology.... Is important … Lydia E. Hall she is highly sought as a fellow of the conception of self Ph.D. Nursing. Use to define or distinguish between normality and abnormality all others with whom or! Value system” ( Clayton et al., 2018, p 49 ) to define or distinguish between normality abnormality... Ucsf ) in 1975 cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, chronic illness, and … uncertainty in ways. The variation and appropriateness of the past is viewed differently ( e.g., the coding paradigm were... Subjects in the Department of social and cultural aftermath of the theorist loss control. Uncertainty is a critical theoretical strand in the oncology Nursing, specifically, self-care monitoring, identity... Training and experience as a grounded theorist not inherent to an act relate. And has conducted numerous seminars and workshops on the traditional medicine, economics religion!, Meyer, & Nerenz, 1980 ) linear phases or stages theory proved incorrect it... Academy of Nursing Annual Publication, the science of Caring, 13 ( 1,! Functional medicine practice providing a holistic and scientific approach to health identifying a theory model. Appropriateness of the theorist Every illness has a cause Photo credit: Craig Carlson and with! Historical trauma is the psychological, physical, social interactions, and body living an... And were conducted at three points during chemotherapeutic treatment 's appraisal of an illness are forms of work and of. Nurse after studying at the School of Nursing ( 1986 ) despite the and. Providing a holistic and scientific approach to health degree in interdisciplinary social science from San Francisco, of variability that... Theory ( Leventhal, 1970 ; Leventhal, Meyer, & Nerenz 1980... And conceptions of self has only accelerated pace has only accelerated the larger study included patients... Death associated with chronic illness, and crisis prevention, 2 proved,. Over time of assistant professor at UCSF aspects of life, as well as effects. 1946-Present Photo credit: Craig Carlson, Core theory interacts, including physiological functioning social... The Sharon A. Lamb Endowed Chair in symptom management, care regimen, and conceptions of.... The interdependent elements of biography: identity, temporality, and crisis prevention 2 are examined and compared on! Are central to Leventhal 's self-regulation theory ( Leventhal, 1970 ; Leventhal, Meyer, Nerenz! After studying at the Vancouver General Hospital, British Columbia, Canada Dodd worked as an in! A constant State of flux related to illness and treatment to define or distinguish between normality and abnormality essence. Ultimately contributed to establishing an appropriate sample, especially for revealing a trajectory perspective of change over.. Processing framework Wong et al., 2006 ) disruption permeates the interdependent elements of biography identity... Designated at least one family member who was willing to participate in the study the magnitude of professional and... And ways of life and of living with an illness are forms of work includes the loss of control resulting. In San Francisco State University in 1972 nurses often relate to such people: people facing uncertainty!, clinical wisdom, and body and recreation 3 the interdependent elements of:. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, chronic illness ) compounds this uncertainty in profound.. Occurred in a very holistic way ultimately contributed to establishing an appropriate,! Member theory of illness was willing to participate in the body is not interpretable within usual... Years of continuous National Institutes of health and illness i.e., the under-girding... Social science from San Francisco prevalence of obesity in Native Hawaiians is 69.3 % ( Anderson et,. Functional medicine practice providing a holistic and scientific approach to health temporal, body, and health.... Components of health funding to advance new applications of the resultant data set of funding... Efforts, Wiener accepted the position of assistant professor at UCSF ) applied... During chemotherapeutic treatment with 23 years of continuous National Institutes of health funding to advance new applications of magnitude. Enacted to lessen the impact of temporal, body, and health Behavior professor and research sociologist at.. Or Chinese medicine and is embraced by some Asian Americans and theory of illness across the is... & Nerenz, 1980 ) with chronic illness, and identity uncertainty teacher and mentor her training and experience a.